Other factors that decrease gas mileage are:

Some of the above mentioned items and others are checked at the standard maintenance intervals.

Weight distribution affects handling

WARNING

Driving with the trunk open: Driving with the trunk open could lead to poisonous exhaust gases entering the passenger compartment. If the trunk must be kept open for any reason, proceed as follows: Close the windows Set the ventilation system control to air flow to floor, windshield and side windows and the blower control to its highest setting.

At the specified curb weight your vehicle has a tendency to understeer, which means that the steering wheel has to be turned more than might seem appropriate for the curvature of a bend. This ensures good stability and reduces the risk of rear wheel skid. Remember that these properties can alter with the vehicle load. The heavier the load in the cargo area, the less the tendency to understeer.

Handling, roadholding

Vehicle load, tire design and inflation pressure all affect vehicle handling. Therefore, check that the tires are inflated to the recommended pressure according to the vehicle load. See the "Tire pressure" section. Loads should be distributed so that capacity weight

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or maximum permissible axle loads are not exceeded.

Driving through water

The vehicle can be driven through water up to a depth of approximately 9 in. (25 cm), at a maximum speed of 6 mph (10 km/h).

WARNING

After driving through water, press lightly on the brake pedal to ensure that the brakes are functioning normally. Water or mud can make the brake linings slippery, resulting in delayed braking effect.

CAUTION

Engine damage will occur if water is drawn into the air cleaner. If the vehicle is driven through water deeper than 9 in (25 cm), water may enter the differential and the transmission. This reduces the oil's lubricating capacity and may shorten the service life of these components. Do not allow the vehicle to stand in water up to the door sills longer than absolutely necessary. This could result in electrical malfunctions. If the engine has been stopped while the car is in water, do not attempt to restart the engine. Have the car towed out of the water.

Cold weather precautions

If you wish to check your vehicle before the approach of cold weather, the following advice is worth noting:

¹ Synthetic oil is not used when the oil is changed at the normal maintenance intervals except at owner request and at additional charge. Please consult your Volvo retailer.

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charge more frequently and spray an antirust oil on the battery posts.

NOTE

Avoid using de-icing sprays as they can cause damage to the locks.

Conserving electrical current

Keep the following in mind to help minimize battery drain:

NOTE

If the ignition is switched on, a warning message will be displayed in the text window in the instrument panel when the battery charge is low. An energy conserving function designed into the vehicle's electrical system will switch off certain functions or reduce the load on the battery by, e.g., reducing the audio system's volume.

Before a long distance trip

It is always worthwhile to have your vehicle checked at a Volvo retailer before driving long distances. Your retailer will also be able to supply you with bulbs, fuses, spark plugs and wiper blades for your use in the event that problems occur.

As a minimum, the following items should be checked before any long trip:

¹ To prevent injury from contact with hot surfaces, do not inspect your vehicle's transmission fluid yourself. Have your vehicle's transmission fluid level inspected by a qualified Volvo service technician.

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Fuel requirements

Octane rating

Volvo engines are designed to achieve rated horsepower, torque, and fuel economy performance using premium 91 octane fuel.

Volvo recommends premium for best performance, but using 87 octane or above will not affect engine reliability.

In demanding driving conditions, such as operating the vehicle in hot weather, towing a trailer, or driving for extended periods at higher altitudes than normal, it may be advisable to switch to higher octane fuel (91 or higher) or to change gasoline brands to fully utilize your engine's capacity, and for the smoothest possible operation.

NOTE

When switching to higher octane fuel or changing gasoline brands, it may be necessary to fill the tank more than once before a difference in engine operation is noticeable.

Deposit control gasoline (detergent additives)

Volvo recommends the use of detergent gasoline to control engine deposits. Detergent gasoline is effective in keeping injectors and intake valves clean. Consistent use of deposit control gasolines will help ensure good driveability and fuel economy. If you are not sure whether the gasoline contains deposit control additives, check with the service station operator.

NOTE

Volvo does not recommend the use of store-bought fuel injector cleaning additives.

Unleaded fuel

Each Volvo has a three-way catalytic converter and must use only unleaded gasoline. U.S. and Canadian regulations require that pumps delivering unleaded gasoline be labelled "UNLEADED". Only these pumps have nozzles which fit your vehicle's filler inlet. It is unlawful to dispense leaded fuel into a vehicle labelled "unleaded gasoline only". Leaded gasoline damages the three-way catalytic converter and the heated oxygen sensor system. Repeated use of leaded gasoline will lessen the effectiveness of the

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emission control system and could result in loss of emission warranty coverage. State and local vehicle inspection programs will make detection of misfueling easier, possibly resulting in emission test failure for misfueled vehicles.

NOTE

Some U.S. and Canadian gasolines contain an octane enhancing additive called methyl-cyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl (MMT). If such fuels are used, your Emission Control System performance may be affected, and the Check Engine Light (malfunction indicator lamp) located on your instrument panel may light. If this occurs, please return your vehicle to an authorized Volvo retailer for maintenance.

Gasoline containing alcohol and ethers

Some fuel suppliers sell gasoline containing "oxygenates" which are usually alcohols or ethers. In some areas, state or local laws require that the service pump be marked indicating use of alcohols or ethers. However, there are areas in which the pumps are unmarked. If you are not sure whether there is alcohol or ethers in the gasoline you buy, check with the service station operator. To meet seasonal air quality standards, some areas require the use of "oxygenated" fuel. Volvo allows the use of the following "oxygenated" fuels; however, the octane ratings listed on this page must still be met.

Alcohol - Ethanol
Fuels containing up to 10% ethanol by volume may be used. Ethanol may also be referred to as Ethyl alcohol, or "Gasohol".
Ethers - MTBE: Fuels containing up to 15% MTBE may be used.

Fuel Formulations

Do not use gasoline that contains lead as a knock inhibitor, and do not use lead additives. Besides damaging the exhaust emission control systems on your vehicle, lead has been strongly linked to certain forms of cancer. Many fuels contain benzene as a solvent. Unburned benzene has been strongly linked to certain forms of cancer. If you live in an area where you must fill your own gas tank, take precautions.

These may include:

WARNING

Carbon monoxide is a poisonous, colorless, and odorless gas. It is present in all exhaust gases. If you ever smell exhaust fumes inside the vehicle, make sure the passenger compartment is ventilated, and immediately return the vehicle to your retailer for correction.

Use of Additives

With the exception of fuel line antifreeze during winter months, do not add solvents, thickeners, or other store-bought additives to your vehicle's fuel, cooling, or lubricating systems. Overuse may damage your engine, and some of these additives contain organically volatile chemicals. Do not needlessly expose yourself to these chemicals.

Fuel filler door

Press the button on the light switch panel (see the illustration on page 58) with the ignition switched off to unlock the fuel filler door. Please note that the fuel filler door will remain unlocked until the vehicle begins to move forward. An audible click will be heard when the fuel filler door relocks.

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If you intend to leave your vehicle while it is being refueled, this feature enables you to lock the doors/trunk while leaving the fuel filler door unlocked.

You can also keep the vehicle locked if you remain inside it during refueling. The central locking button does not lock the fuel filler door.

Be sure the fuel filler door is not obstructed and is completely closed after refueling.
Open the fuel filler cap slowly during hot weather.

Refueling

The fuel tank is designed to hold approximately 15.9 US gallons (60 liters)¹ with sufficient volume left over to accommodate possible expansion of the fuel in hot weather. Be aware that the "usable" tank capacity will be somewhat less than the specified maximum. When the fuel level is low, such factors as ambient temperature, the fuel's "Reid vapor pressure" characteristics, and terrain can affect the fuel pump's ability to supply the engine with an adequate supply of fuel.

Therefore, it is advisable to refuel as soon as possible when the needle nears the red zone, or when the fuel warning light comes on.

¹Models with All Wheel Drive have a tank volume of 15 US gallons (57 liters).
Models with engine code 39 have a fuel tank capacity of 14 US gallons (53 liters). This code is the 6th and 7th digits from the left in your vehicle's VIN number. See page 227 for the location of the VIN plate.

CAUTION

Do not refuel with the engine running1. Turn the ignition off or to position I. If the ignition is on, an incorrect reading could occur in the fuel gauge After refueling, close the fuel filler cap by turning it clockwise until it clicks into place. Avoid overfilling the fuel tank. Do not press the handle on the filler nozzle more than one extra time. Too much fuel in the tank in hot weather conditions can cause the fuel to overflow. Overfilling could also cause damage to the emission control systems. Avoid spilling gasoline during refueling. In addition to causing damage to the environment, gasolines containing alcohol can cause damage to painted surfaces, which may not be covered under the New Vehicle Limited Warranty. Do not use gasolines containing methanol (methyl alcohol, wood alcohol). This practice can result in vehicle performance deterioration and can damage critical parts in the fuel system. Such damage may not be covered under the New Vehicle Limited Warranty.

¹If the fuel filler cap is not closed tightly or if the engine is running when the vehicle is refueled, the Check Engine Light (malfunction indicator lamp) may indicate a fault. However, your vehicle's performance will not be affected. Use only Volvo original or approved fuel filler caps.

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Ignition switch/Steering wheel lock

Ignition switch and steering wheel lock

0 - Locked position

Remove the key to lock the steering wheel¹. Never turn the key to position 0 while driving or when the vehicle is being towed.

NOTE

A ticking sound may be audible if the key is turned to a position between 0 and I. To stop this sound, turn the key to position II and back to position 0.

I - Intermediate position²

Certain accessories, radio, etc. on, daytime running lights off.

¹Automatic transmission: the gear selector must be in the Park position. The optional keyless drive start control does not need to be removed.

²Please be aware that leaving the key in this positions I or II will increase battery drain.

II - Drive position

The key's position when driving. The vehicle's entire electrical system is activated.

III - Start position

Turn the key to this position and release it immediately. The key returns automatically to the Drive position.
A chime will sound if the key is left in the ignition and the driver's door is opened (does not apply to vehicles with the optional keyless drive).

Steering wheel lock

When the key is removed from the ignition, the steering wheel locks so that it cannot be turned.

NOTE

The steering wheel lock is activated when the driver's door is opened on vehicles with the optional keyless drive.

Releasing the steering wheel lock
If the front wheels are hard up against a curb, the steering wheel lock may be under too much tension to unlock.

If so, the key will turn in the ignition switch but the car will not start.

At the same time, a message "Steering locked turn wheel" will appear in the information display.

If this happens:

1. Remove the key³ from the ignition.

2. Turn the steering wheel slightly and hold it to release pressure on the lock mechanism.

3. Reinsert the key and start the vehicle. The steering should immediately unlock. If not, try again.

NOTE

In order to help reduce vehicle theft, make sure the steering wheel lock is engaged before leaving the vehicle.

³ Vehicles with optional keyless drive: Turn the start control to position 0, turn the wheel slightly to release the pressure, and turn the start control to position III to start the vehicle.

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Starting the vehicle

WARNING

Never switch off the ignition (turn the ignition key or start control to position 0) or remove the key or start control from the ignition switch while the vehicle is in motion. This could cause the steering wheel to lock, which would make the vehicle impossible to steer.

To start the engine

1. Fasten the seat belt.

WARNING

Before starting, check that the seat, steering wheel and mirrors are adjusted properly. Make sure the brake pedal can be depressed completely. Adjust the seat if necessary.

2. Apply the parking brake if not already set. The gear selector should be locked in the Park (P) position (Shiftlock). See also page 138.
Manual transmission: the clutch must be fully depressed.

3. The vehicle is equipped with an autostart feature. Without touching the throttle pedal, turn the key to position III and release it. The starter motor will then operate automatically (for up to ten seconds) until the engine starts. If the engine fails to start, repeat this step.

NOTE

After a cold start, idle speed may be noticeably higher than normal for a short period. This is done to help bring components in the emission control system to their normal operating temperature as quickly as possible, which enables them to control emissions and help reduce the vehicle's impact on the environment.

4. To release the gear selector from the Park (P) position, the engine must be running (or the ignition key must be in position II) and the brake pedal must be depressed.

5. Select the desired gear. On models with an automatic transmission, the gear engages after a very slight delay which is especially noticeable when selecting R.

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Starting the vehicle

NOTE

Immobilizer: If two of the keys to your vehicle are close together, e.g., on the same key ring when you try to start the vehicle, this could cause interference in the immobilizer system and result in the vehicle not starting. If this should occur, remove one of the keys from the key ring before trying to start the vehicle again. Keylock: Models equipped an automatic transmission have a keylock system. When the engine is switched off, the gear selector must be in the Park (P) position before the key can be removed from the ignition switch1. When starting in cold weather, the transmission may shift up at slightly higher engine speeds than normal until the automatic transmission fluid reaches normal operating temperature. Do not race a cold engine immediately after starting. Oil flow may not reach some lubrication points fast enough to prevent engine damage.

¹ The optional keyless drive start control does not need to be removed from the ignition switch.

WARNING

Volvo's floor mats are specially manufactured for your car. They must be firmly secured in the clips on the floor so that they cannot slide and become trapped under the pedals on the driver's side.

CAUTION

Automatic transmission: The engine should be idling when you move the gear selector. Never accelerate until after you feel the transmission engage! Accelerating immediately after selecting a gear will cause harsh engagement and premature transmission wear. Selecting P or N when idling at a standstill for prolonged periods of time will help prevent overheating of the automatic transmission fluid.

WARNING

Always place the gear selector in Park (manual transmission: first or reverse gear) and apply the parking brake before leaving the vehicle.and apply the parking brake before leaving the vehicle. Never leave the vehicle unattended with the engine running. Always open garage doors fully before starting the engine inside a garage to ensure adequate ventilation. The exhaust gases contain carbon monoxide, which is invisible and odorless but very poisonous.

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Starting the car with keyless drive (option as available)

Starting a vehicle with keyless drive

Starting a vehicle with keyless drive

Keyless drive makes it possible to unlock, start and lock the vehicle without using a remote control.

A start control is fitted in the ignition switch on vehicles equipped with the optional keyless drive. This control is used in the same way as the ignition key to start the engine.

See also page 129 for general information on starting the engine.

NOTE

A keyless drive remote control must be in the passenger's compartment or in the trunk/cargo area in order to start the engine.

1. Press the brake pedal (the clutch pedal must also be fully depressed on models with a manual transmission).

2. Press in the keyless drive start control and turn it to position III.

NOTE

The vehicle is equipped with an autostart function that makes it possible to start the engine without holding the start control in position III. Turn the start control to position III and release it. The starter motor will then operate automatically (for up to ten seconds) until the engine starts.

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Starting the car with keyless drive (option as available)

Starting the vehicle with the ignition key (remote control)

A vehicle with keyless drive can also be started with the ignition key (if, for example, the battery in the keyless drive remote control is weak). To do so:

1. Remove the keyless drive start control from the ignition switch by pressing the catch (see the illustration above) and pulling the control out of the ignition switch.

2. Insert the remote control into the ignition switch and turn it to position III to start the engine. See also page 129 for complete starting information.

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Manual transmission, 5-speed

5-speed manual transmission (option on certain models)

Depress the clutch pedal completely when changing gears¹.

Remove your foot from the clutch pedal while driving. The shift pattern should be followed.

Overdrive (5th gear) should be used as often as possible to help improve fuel economy.

¹ Clutch interlock
The clutch must be fully depressed before you can start your car. If the clutch is not depressed, it will not be possible to start the engine.

Engaging reverse gear, 5-speed transmission

Reverse gear should only be engaged from a complete stop.

CAUTION

Never shift into reverse while moving forward.

WARNING

An extra mat on the driver's floor can cause the accelerator, brake, and/or clutch pedal to catch. Check that the movement of these pedals is not impeded. Not more than one protective floor covering may be used at one time.

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Manual transmission, 6-speed

6-speed manual transmission (option on certain models)

Depress the clutch pedal completely when changing gears¹.

Remove your foot from the clutch pedal while driving. The shift pattern should be followed.

Overdrive (5th and 6th gears) should be used as often as possible to help improve fuel economy.

¹ Clutch interlock
The clutch must be fully depressed before you can start your car. If the clutch is not depressed, it will not be possible to start the engine.

Engaging reverse gear, 6-speed transmission

Reverse gear should only be engaged from a complete stop.

NOTE

Reverse gear is electronically blocked and cannot be selected if the vehicle is moving at a speed of approximately 13 mph (20km/h).

CAUTION

Never shift into reverse while moving forward.

WARNING

An extra mat on the driver's floor can cause the accelerator, brake, and/or clutch pedal to catch. Check that the movement of these pedals is not impeded. Not more than one protective floor covering may be used at one time.

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Automatic transmission

Shiftgate positions

Depress the button on the front of the gear selector knob to move the selector between the R, N, D, and P positions.

The gear selector can be moved freely between the Geartronic (manual shifting) and Drive (D) positions while driving.

Gear selector positions

P - Park
Select the P position when starting or parking.

In P, the transmission is mechanically blocked (Shiftlock). Always apply the parking brake when parking.

CAUTION

The car must be stationary when selecting position P.

R - Reverse
The car must be stationary when shifting to position R.

N - Neutral
N is the neutral position. The engine can be started, but no gear is selected. Apply the

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parking brake when the car is stationary with the gear selector in N.

NOTE

If the gear selector is in the Neutral position and the car has been at a standstill for at least 3 seconds (regardless of whether the engine is running or not), the gear selector will be locked in Neutral.

In order to move the gear selector to another position:

1. Turn the ignition key to position II (if the engine is not already running).

2. Depress the brake pedal.

3. Move the gear selector to the desired position.

D - Drive
D is the normal driving position. The Drive position offers 5 forward gears¹.The car automatically shifts between the various forward gears, based on the level of acceleration and speed. The car must be at a standstill when shifting to position D from position R.

¹ T5 models have 6 forward gears.

Manual shifting - Geartronic

The manual shifting mode (Geartronic) can be selected at any time to manually select forward gears, including while the car is moving.

NOTE

Reverse, Neutral, and Park cannot be selected in Geartronic mode.

While driving

W - Winter/Wet driving mode - enhanced vehicle traction

Mode W reduces torque at the wheels, which helps improve traction when starting off on a slippery surface.

Press the button near the base of the gear selector to engage/disengage this driving mode.

Once underway, turn off mode W to improve vehicle performance and fuel economy.

Cold starts (turbo engines)

When driving before the engine has reached its normal operating temperature, the transmission will shift up at slightly higher engine speeds to heat the three-way catalytic converter as quickly as possible.

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Automatic transmission

Kickdown

Automatic shift to a lower gear (kickdown) is achieved by depressing the accelerator pedal fully and briskly. An upshift will occur when approaching the top speed for a particular gear or by releasing the accelerator pedal slightly. Kickdown can be used for maximum acceleration or when passing at highway speeds.

NOTE

The gear selector must be in the D (Drive) position for kickdown to function.

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Shiftlock override

Overriding the shiftlock system

Shiftlock prevents the gear selector from being moved out of Park unless the ignition key is in position II and the brake pedal is depressed.

In certain cases it may be necessary to move the gear selector from the Park position manually.

To manually override the Shiftlock system:
1. Apply the parking brake.

2. Depress the brake pedal.

3. There is a small cover below P-R-N-D on the gear selector panel. Open the rear edge of the panel.

4. Insert the key blade (see page 109) into the opening and press it down until it bottoms.

5. With the key blade pressed down, move the gear selector out of the P position.

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All Wheel Drive (option)

All Wheel Drive (AWD) - general information

Your Volvo can be equipped with permanent All Wheel Drive (option), which means that power is distributed automatically between the front and rear wheels. Under normal driving conditions, most of the engine's power is directed to the front wheels. However, if there is any tendency for the front wheels to spin, an electronically controlled coupling distributes power to the wheels that have the best traction.

Tire dimensions

Volvo recommends that you always drive on tires of the same brand, size, construction (radial), tread pattern, load-, speed-, traction- , temperature-, and treadwear rating. Never drive on mixed tires, except for brief periods when the temporary spare tire is in use.

Always use properly inflated tires of correct dimensions. Tire size and inflation pressures are shown on a placard located on the driver's side B-pillar (the structural member at the side of the vehicle, at the rear of the driver's door opening). See also the tire inflation pressure tables beginning on page 158.

Temporary Spare

The temporary spare tire is for temporary, low-speed, short-distance use only. Replace it with a full-sized tire as soon as possible. Do not drive on the temporary spare at speeds above 50 m.p.h. (80 km/h) or for distances greater than 50 miles (80 km).

Never install snow chains on a temporary spare.

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Brake system

Brake circuit malfunction

The brake system is a hydraulic system consisting of two separate brake circuits. If a problem should occur in one of these circuits, it is still possible to stop the vehicle with the other brake circuit.

If the brake pedal must be depressed farther than normal and requires greater foot pressure, the stopping distance will be longer.

A warning light in the instrument panel will light up to warn the driver that a fault has occurred.

If this light comes on while driving or braking, stop immediately and check the brake fluid level in the reservoir.

NOTE

Press the brake pedal hard and maintain pressure on the pedal - do not pump the brakes.

WARNING

If the fluid level is below the MIN mark in the reservoir or if a brake system message is shown in the information display: DO NOT DRIVE. Have the vehicle towed to a Volvo retailer and have the brake system inspected.

Power brakes function only when the engine is running

The power brakes utilize vacuum pressure which is only created when the engine is running. Never let the vehicle roll to a stop with the engine switched off.

If the power brakes are not working, the brake pedal must be pressed approximately five times harder than usual to make up for the lack of power assistance. This can happen for example when towing your vehicle or if the engine is switched off when the vehicle is rolling. The brake pedal feels harder than usual.

Water on brake discs and brake pads affects braking

Driving in rain and slush or passing through an automatic car wash can cause water to collect on the brake discs and pads. This will cause a delay in braking effect when the pedal is depressed. To avoid such a delay when the brakes are needed, depress the pedal occasionally when driving through rain, slush, etc. This will remove the water from the brakes. Check that brake application feels normal. This should also be done after washing or starting in very damp or cold weather.

Severe strain on the brake system

The brakes will be subject to severe strain when driving in mountains or hilly areas, or when towing a trailer. Vehicle speed is usually slower, which means that the cooling of the brakes is less efficient than when driving on level roads. To reduce the strain on the brakes, shift into a lower gear and let the engine help with the braking. Do not forget that if you are towing a trailer, the brakes will be subjected to a greater than normal load.

Anti-lock brakes (ABS)

The Anti-lock Braking System (ABS) helps to improve vehicle control (stopping and steering) during severe braking conditions by limiting brake lockup. When the system "senses" impending lockup, braking pressure is automatically modulated in order to help prevent lockup that could lead to a skid.

The system performs a self-diagnostic test when the engine is started and when the vehicle first reaches a speed of approximately 12 m.p.h. (20 km/h). The brake pedal will pulsate several times and a sound may be audible from the ABS control module. This is normal.

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Brake system

For optimal ABS braking effect:
1. Press down on the brake pedal with full force. The pedal will pulsate.

2. Steer the vehicle in the direction of travel and keep the brake pedal depressed.

Electronic Brake Force Distribution (EBD)
EBD is an integrated part of the ABS system. EBD regulates the hydraulic pressure to the rear brakes to help provide optimal braking capacity.

The switching of the ABS modulator will be audible and the brake pedal will pulsate during braking. Please be aware that ABS does not increase the absolute braking potential of the vehicle. While control will be enhanced, ABS will not shorten stopping distances on slippery surfaces.

If the warning lamp lights up there is a malfunction of the ABS system (the standard braking system will still function) and the vehicle should be driven cautiously to a Volvo retailer for inspection.

WARNING

If the BRAKE and ABS warning symbols light at the same time, there may be a problem in the brake system. If the brake fluid level is normal in these circumstances, drive carefully to the nearest Volvo workshop to have the brake system checked.

Emergency Brake Assistance - EBA
EBA is designed to provide full brake effect immediately in the event of sudden, hard braking. The system is activated by the speed with which the brake pedal is depressed.

When the EBA system is activated, the brake pedal will go down and pressure in the brake system immediately increases to the maximum level. Maintain full pressure on the brake pedal in order to utilize the system completely. EBA is automatically deactivated when the brake pedal is released.

NOTE

When the EBA system is activated, the brake pedal will go down and pressure in the brake system immediately increases to the maximum level. You must maintain full pressure on the brake pedal in order to utilize the system completely. There will be no braking effect if the pedal is released. EBA is automatically deactivated when the brake pedal is released. When the vehicle has been parked for some time, the brake pedal may sink more than usual when the engine is started. This is normal and the pedal will return to its usual position when it is released.

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Stability system

Stability Traction Control (STC)/Dynamic Stability Traction Control (DSTC)

The stability system consists of a number of functions designed help reduce wheel spin, counteract skidding, and to generally help improve directional stability.

A pulsating sound will be audible when the system is actively operating and is normal.

Traction control - TC
This function is designed to help reduce wheel spin by transferring power from a drive wheel that begins to lose traction to the wheel on the opposite side of the vehicle (on the same axle).

TC is most active at low speeds.

This is one of the stability system's permanent functions and cannot be switched off.

Spin control (SC)
The spin control function is designed to help prevent the drive wheels from spinning while the vehicle is accelerating.

Under certain circumstances, such as when driving with snow chains, or driving in deep snow or loose sand, it may be advisable to temporarily switch off this function for maximum tractive force¹.

¹ Models equipped with All Wheel Drive (AWD) have an integrated traction control function that cannot be disabled. DSTC is optional on AWD models.

Temporarily switching off Spin control
1. Turn the thumbwheel (A) on the left-side steering wheel lever until the STC/DSTC menu is displayed.

2. Hold down the RESET button (B) to toggle between STC/DSTC SPIN CONTROL ON or OFF.

NOTE

The message STC/DSTC SPIN CONTROL OFF indicates that the stability system's spin control function has temporarily been switched off. The stability control indicator light will illuminate and remain on until spin control has been reactivated. The spin control function is automatically enabled each time the engine is started. STC/DSTC ON indicates that all system functions are active.

Active yaw control - AYC (DSTC only)
This function helps maintain directional stability, for example when cornering, by braking one or more of the wheels if the vehicle shows a tendency to skid or slide laterally.

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Stability system

This is one of the stability system's permanent functions and cannot be switched off.

WARNING

The car's handling and stability characteristics will be altered if the STC/DSTC system functions have been disabled.

STC/DSTC-related messages in the text window

Symbols in the instrument panel

The Stability Control indicator light

This light indicates different conditions, depending on how it illuminates.

The Stability Control indicator light illuminates for approximately 2 seconds
This indicates that the system is performing a self-diagnostic test when the ignition is switched on.

The Stability Control indicator light flashes
This indicates that the stability system is actively functioning to help counteract wheel spin and/or a skid.

The Stability Control indicator light glows steadily
"ANTI SKID SERVICE REQUIRED" will be displayed in the text window at the same time.

A fault is indicated in the stability system.

1. Stop the vehicle in a safe place and switch off the engine.

2. Restart the engine.

3. If the indicator light goes out, the fault was temporary and no further action is required.

4. If the indicator light remains on, drive to an authorized Volvo workshop as soon as possible to have the system checked.

The Stability Control indicator light glows steadily
If "STC/DSTC SPIN CONTROL OFF" is displayed in the text window at the same time, this is a reminder that spin control has been disabled by the driver.

The warning symbol

The warning symbol glows steadily yellow

The system has been temporarily switched off due to high brake temperature. "TRACTION CONTROL TEMPORARILY OFF" will be displayed. The system will automatically switch on again when the brakes have cooled.

WARNING

The stability system is intended to help improve driving safety. It supplements, but can never replace, the driver's judgement and responsibility when operating the vehicle. Speed and driving style should always be adapted to traffic and road conditions.

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Towing

Emergency towing

The towing eyelet is located under the floor of the cargo area. This eyelet must be screwed into the positions provided on the right sides of either the front or rear bumper (see illustrations).

To attach the towing eyelet:
1. Use a coin or screwdriver to pry open the lower edge of the cover.

2. Screw the towing eyelet in place first by hand and then using the tire iron until it is securely in place.

After the vehicle has been towed, the eyelet should be removed and returned to the tool bag. Press the cover back into position.

Towing a vehicle with all four wheels on the ground

WARNING

Volvo does not recommend towing a disabled vehicle behind another vehicle. Significant difficulty in steering and braking, combined with unfavorable weather, traffic, and road conditions may make it impossible to maintain vehicle control.

1. Apply the parking brake.

2. Insert the key into the ignition to unlock the steering wheel. The steering wheel must be unlocked. With the engine off and the vehicle at a standstill, great effort will be required to turn the steering wheel.

WARNING

Towing a vehicle with a locked steering wheel will make the vehicle impossible to steer.

3. Turn the ignition key to position II.

4. Place the gear selector in neutral. For vehicles with automatic transmissions, follow instruction on page 138, "Shiftlock override" to allow the gear selector to be moved from the Park position.

5. Keep firm pressure on the brake pedal while releasing the parking brake.

6. When towing has been completed, return the gear selector to Park (automatic) or Reverse (manual) and apply the parking brake.

The following points should also be observed:

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Towing

WARNING

Never allow a vehicle to be towed without a driver behind the wheel of the disabled vehicle. Never remove the key from the ignition while the vehicle is moving. The steering wheel could lock, making it impossible to steer the vehicle. When the engine is not running, steering resistance and the effort needed to apply the brakes will be great. Never attempt to tow a vehicle with a dead battery at night.

CAUTION

Check with state and local authorities before attempting this type of towing, as vehicles being towed are subject to regulations regarding maximum towing speed, length and type of towing device, lighting, marker flags, etc. Never attempt to push- or tow-start a vehicle with a dead battery. This would inject unburned fuel into the three-way catalytic converter(s), causing overheating, backfiring, and damage. See page 146 for instructions on jump starting the vehicle.

Towing vehicles with front wheel drive

Volvo recommends the use of flat bed equipment for towing vehicles with front wheel drive. If wheel lift equipment must be used, please use extreme caution to help avoid damage to the vehicle.

In this case, the vehicle should be towed with the rear wheels on the ground if at all possible.

If it is absolutely necessary to tow the vehicle with the front wheels on the ground, please refer to the towing information on the previous page.

WARNING

Remember that the power brakes and power steering will not function when engine is not running. The braking and steering systems will function but the brake pedal pressure required is 3 - 5 times above normal and greater steering effort must be exerted. The towing eyelets must not be used for pulling the vehicle out of a ditch or for any similar purpose involving severe strain. Do not use the towing eyelets to pull the vehicle up onto a flat bed tow truck.

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Jump starting

Follow these instructions to jump start your vehicle's dead battery or to jump start another vehicle's dead battery using your vehicle. If the 12-volt auxiliary battery to be used is in another vehicle, check that the vehicles are not touching to prevent premature completion of a circuit. Be sure to follow jump starting instructions provided for the other vehicle.

To jump start your vehicle:

1. Switch off the ignition.

2. First connect the auxiliary battery positive (+) terminal (1) to the positive (+) terminal in your vehicle's battery (2), marked with a "+" sign.

3. Connect the auxiliary battery's negative (-) terminal (3) to the ground point in your vehicle's engine compartment near the driver's side spring strut (4).

4. Start the engine in the assisting vehicle, then start the engine in the vehicle with dead battery.

5. After the engine has started, first remove the negative (-) terminal jumper cable. Then remove the positive (+) terminal jumper cable.

WARNING

PROPOSITION 65 WARNING! Battery posts, terminals, and related accessories contain lead and lead compounds, chemicals known to the state of California to cause cancer and reproductive harm. Wash hands after handling.

WARNING

Do not connect the jumper cable to any part of the fuel system or to any moving parts. Avoid touching hot manifolds. Batteries generate hydrogen gas, which is flammable and explosive. Battery fluid contains sulfuric acid. Do not allow battery fluid to contact eyes, skin, fabrics or painted surfaces. If contact occurs, flush the affected area immediately with water. Obtain medical help immediately if eyes are affected. Never expose the battery to open flame or electric spark. Do not smoke near the battery. Failure to follow the instructions for jump starting can lead to personal injury. Do not touch the jumper cables during the attempt to start the vehicle. This could cause sparks.

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Towing a trailer

General information

CAUTION

Models equipped with the B5244S7 engine (engine code 39, which is the 6th and 7th digits from the left in your vehicle's VIN number, see page 227 for the location of the VIN plate), may not be used to tow trailers or vehicles of any kind. This could cause damage to the vehicle's emission control systems.

Maximum trailer weights recommended by Volvo are:

Trailer towing does not normally present any particular problems, but take into consideration:

WARNING

Bumper-attached trailer hitches must not be used on Volvos, nor should safety chains be attached to the bumper. Trailer hitches attaching to the vehicle's rear axle must not be used. Never connect a trailer's hydraulic brake system directly to the vehicle brake system, nor a trailer's lighting system directly to the vehicle lighting system. Consult your nearest authorized Volvo retailer for correct installation. When towing a trailer, the trailer's safety wire must be correctly fastened to the hole or hook provided in the trailer hitch on the vehicle. The safety wire should never be fastened to or wound around the drawbar ball.

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Towing a trailer

NOTE

When parking the vehicle with a trailer on a hill, apply the parking brake before putting the gear selector in Park (P) or in reverse on models with a manual transmission. Always follow the trailer manufacturer's recommendations for wheel chocking. If you use the manual (Geartronic) shift positions while towing a trailer, or if the vehicle is equipped with a manual transmission, make sure the gear you select does not put too much strain on the engine (using too high a gear). The drawbar assembly/trailer hitch may be rated for trailers heavier than the vehicle is designed to tow. Please adhere to Volvo's recommended trailer weights. Avoid driving with a trailer on inclines exceeding 15%.

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Detachable trailer hitch

Installing the ball holder

1. If necessary, remove the cotter pin from the locking bolt and slide the locking bolt out of the hitch assembly.

2. Slide the ball holder into the hitch assembly.

3. Align the hole in the ball holder with the one in the hitch assembly.

4. Slide the locking bolt through the hitch assembly/ball holder.

5. Insert the cotter pin in the hole at the end of the locking bolt.

Removing the ball holder

1. Remove the cotter pin from the locking bolt and slide the locking bolt out of the ball holder/hitch assembly.

2. Pull the ball holder out of the hitch assembly.

NOTE

A cover for the hitch assembly is also included in the kit.

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Transporting loads

Loading the car

Your vehicle's load-carrying capacity is affected by factors such as:

See the chapter "Wheels and tires" for more detailed information.

Before loading the car, turn off the engine, and apply the parking brake when loading or unloading long objects. The gear selector can be inadvertently knocked out of position by long cargo, causing the car to move.

Keep the following in mind when loading the vehicle:

WARNING

Remember that an object weighing 44 lbs (20 kg) produces a force of 2,200 lbs (1,000 kg) in a head-on collision at 30 m.p.h. (50 km/h)! When the rear backrest(s) are folded down, the vehicle should not be loaded to a level higher than 2 in. (5 cm) below the upper edge of the rear side windows. Objects placed higher than this level could impede the function of the Volvo Inflatable Curtain.

Load carriers (accessory)

Load carriers are available as Volvo accessories. Follow the installation instructions supplied with the load carriers.

Observe the following points when using load carriers:

For Non-Volvo roof racks, check the manufacturer's weight limits for the rack.

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