pg. 132 Fuel/emissions systems
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Fuel system
The fuel system continually compensates for variation in engine load,
speed and temperature. A mass air flow sensor continuously measures
the inducted air and makes rapid adjustments for changes in air temperature
and density, to balance fuel economy, emissions, and engine power
requirements.
Heated oxygen sensor
This is an emission control system designed to reduce emissions and
improve fuel economy. The heated oxygen sensor monitors the composition
of the exhaust gases leaving the engine. The exhaust gas analysis is
fed into an electronic module. This adjusts the air/fuel ratio to improve
combustion and reduce the three major pollutants (hydrocarbons, carbon
monoxide, and oxides of nitrogen (NOx)) via a three-way catalytic
converter.
Crankcase ventilation
The engine is provided with positive crankcase ventilation which
prevents crankcase gases from being released into the atmosphere.
Instead, the crankcase gases are routed to the intake manifold and
cylinders.
PremAir®
On the surface of the radiator in the engine compartment, there is a
special coating called PremAir®. PremAir® works as a catalytic converter,
converting most of the ozone passing through the radiator into oxygen,
thereby reducing harmful ground-level ozone.
Evaporative control system
The car is equipped with an evaporative control system, which prevents
gasoline vapor from being released into the atmosphere.
The system consists of a fuel tank with filler pipe and cap, two rollover
valves, a Fill Limit Vent Valve (FLVV), vapor vent lines, a charcoal
canister, a purge line, and a purge control valve and engine connections.
In addition, there is a pressure sensor connected to the fuel tank and a
filter-protected Canister Close Valve (CCV) on the atmospheric side of
the canister, for system diagnosis.
The gasoline vapor is channeled through the rollover valves and the
FLVV via the vapor vent lines into the charcoal canister, where it is
stored. When the engine is started, the gasoline vapor is drawn from the
charcoal canister to the engine's air intake system and into the combustion
process.
NOTE:
Overfilling the fuel tank can cause damage to the evaporative
control system.
If the fuel filler cap is not closed tightly or if the engine is running
when the car is refueled, the Malfunction Indicator Lamp may
indicate a fault.
During a transitional period, a small number of service stations may
still have fuel nozzles that are not compatible with the fuel filler
neck on cars equipped with the evaporative emission control system mandated
by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and the California
Air Resources Board. If you experience difficulties in refueling your vehicle, please ask the gas station attendant
for assistance.
CAUTION:
Fuel must not be siphoned from the fuel tank. This will damage the
evaporative control system.
pg. 133 Drive belt, Coolant
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Belt check
Check the belt regularly to make sure it is in good condition and is
clean. A worn or dirty belt can cause poor cooling and low alternator
output as well as impair the operation of the power steering and the air
conditioning unit.
NOTE: The drive belt is equipped with a self-tensioning mechanism
and requires no adjustment between changes.
WARNING!
The engine must not be running when this check is performed.
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Check coolant level
The cooling system must be filled with coolant and not leak to operate
at maximum efficiency. Check the coolant level regularly. The level
should be between the "MAX" and "MIN" marks on the expansion
tank. The check should be made with particular thoroughness when the
engine is new or when the cooling system has been drained.
Do not remove the filler cap other than for topping up with coolant.
Frequent removal may prevent coolant circulation between the engine
and the expansion tank during engine warm up and cooling.
Changing coolant
Normally, the coolant does not need to be changed. If the system must
be drained, consult your Volvo retailer.
NOTE: Do not top off with water only. This reduces the rust-protective
and antifreeze qualities of the coolant and has a lower boiling point. It
can also cause damage to the cooling system if it should freeze. Top off
with Volvo Genuine Coolant/Antifreeze only.
CAUTION:
The cooling system must always be kept filled to the correct level. If it
is not kept filled, there can be high local temperatures in the engine
which could result in damage. Different types of antifreeze/coolant
may not be mixed.
WARNING!
Never remove the radiator cap while the engine is warm. Wait until
the car cools.
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pg. 134 Emissions maintenance
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Periodic maintenance helps minimize emissions
Periodic maintenance will help keep your vehicle running well. Your Warranty and Service Records Information booklet provides a comprehensive periodic maintenance schedule up to 150,000 miles (240,000 km) of vehicle service. The schedule includes components that affect vehicle emissions. This page describes some of the emission-related components.
Engine air filter
The engine air filter cleans particles from air entering the engine. Replace the engine air filter cartridge with a new one every 37,500
miles (60,000 km) under normal driving conditions. Replace the cartridge more often when
the vehicle is driven under dirty and dusty conditions. The cartridge cannot be cleaned,
and should always be replaced with a new one.
Fuel filter
The fuel filter should be replaced at 105,000 miles (168,000 km) or at 120,000 miles (193,000 km) for the 2.5T engine on AWD
models.
The filter is replaced as a complete unit. Replace more frequently
if contaminated fuel is introduced into the tank, or if there is reason
to suspect that this has occurred.
Fuel system, including filler cap, tank and lines and connections
The ability of the fuel system to contain hydrocarbons depends upon a leak-free system. Inspect fuel lines every 30,000 miles (48,000 km). Check for proper sealing of the
fuel filler cap which contains "O" ring seals.
NOTE: If the fuel filler cap is not closed tightly or if the engine
is running when the car is refueled, the Check Engine light
(Malfunction indicator) may indicate a fault. However, your vehicle's performance
will not be affected. Use only Volvo original or approved fuel filler caps.
Timing belt
For proper functioning of the engine and its emission control
systems, the timing belt and belt tensioner must be replaced every 105,000
miles (168,000 km) or at 120,000 miles (193,000 km) for the 2.5T engine
on AWD models. Engine damage will occur if the belt fails.
PCV system
(on turbocharged models)
The nipple in the intake manifold and the filter at the end of
the PCV hose in the air cleaner should be inspected and cleaned at 105,000 miles
(168,000 km) or at 120,000 miles (193,000 km) for the 2.5T engine
on AWD models, and again at 150,000 miles (240,000 km).
Spark plugs
The spark plugs should be replaced every 60,000 miles (96,000 km) under normal driving conditions. City driving or fast highway driving may necessitate replacement sooner.
Under normal driving conditions, spark plugs require no maintenance between replacement intervals. When installing new plugs, be sure to use the right type and to tighten them correctly. When changing the plugs, clean the terminals and rubber seals. Also check that the suppressor connectors are in good condition. Cracked or damaged connectors should be replaced.
Washer fluid reservoir
The washer fluid reservoir is located in the engine compartment and
holds approx. 4.7 US qts. (4.5 liters).
During cold weather, the reservoir should be filled with windshield
washer solvent containing antifreeze.
Hoisting the car
If a garage jack is used to lift the car, the two jack attachments points
should be used. They are specially reinforced to bear the weight of the
car. A garage jack can also be placed under the front of the engine
support frame. Take care not to damage the splash guard under the
engine. Ensure that the jack is positioned so that the car cannot
slide off it. Always use axle stands or similar structures.
If a two-post hoist is used to lift the car, the front and rear lift arm pads
should be centered under the reinforced lift plates on the inboard edge
of the sill rail (see illustration above).
pg. 136 Opening the hood, Engine compartment
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Opening the hood
Pull the lever located under the left side of
the dash to release the hood lock.
Lift the hood slightly.
Press up the release control located under
the front edge of the hood (at the center)
and lift.
WARNING!
Check that the hood locks properly when
closed.
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Engine compartment
1 Expansion tank - coolant
2 Power steering fluid reservoir
3 Washer fluid reservoir
4 Dipstick - engine oil
5 Radiator/cooling fan
6 Oil filler cap - engine
7 Brake fluid reservoir
8 Relay/fuse box
9 Air cleaner
10 Battery (in the cargo compartment)
WARNING!
The cooling fan may start or continue to operate (for up to 6 minutes)
after the engine has been switched off.
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Oil quality
Engine oil must meet the minimum ILSAC specification
GF-2, including ACEA A1, API SJ, SJ/CF and SJ/Energy Conserving.
Your Volvo has been certified to standards using ILSAC oil
specification GF-2 5W-30. Volvo recommends use of oil with a quality
rating equal to or higher than ILSAC GF-2. Equivalent and better oils
include ACEA A1, API SJ, SJ/CF, and SJ/Energy conserving. Lower
quality oils may not offer the same fuel economy, engine performance,
or engine protection.
Volvo Cars recommends Castrol.
Depending on your driving habits, premium or synthetic oils
may provide superior fuel economy and engine protection. Consult
your Volvo retailer for recommendations on premium or synthetic oils.
Oil additives must not be used.
NOTE: Synthetic oil is not used when the oil is changed at the
normal maintenance services. This oil is only used at customer request,
at additional charge. Please consult your Volvo retailer.
Oil viscosity (stable ambient temperatures)
Oil viscosity (stable ambient temperatures)
Operation in temperate climates
Incorrect viscosity oil can shorten engine life. Under normal use when
temperatures do not exceed 86 °F (30°C), SAE 5W/30 will provide good fuel
economy and engine protection. See the viscosity chart below.
Operation in hot climates
When temperatures exceed 86 °F (30°C) in your area, Volvo recommends, for
the protection of your engine, that you use a heavier weight oil, such as
SAE 10W/30. See the viscosity chart below.
Extreme engine operation
Synthetic oils meeting SAE 10W/30 and complying with oil quality
requirements are recommended for driving in areas of sustained
temperature extremes (hot or cold), when towing a trailer over long
distances, and for prolonged driving in mountainous areas.
Changing oil and oil filter
Oil and oil filter changes should be made at 7,500 mile (12,000 km)
intervals.
The API Service Symbol
The API Service Symbol "donut" is divided
into three parts:
The top half describes the oil's performance level.
The center identifies the oil's viscosity.
The bottom half tells whether the oil has
demonstrated energy-conserving proper
ties in a standard test in comparison to a
reference oil.
Viscosity (stable ambient temperatures)
Break-in Period
Although some oil consumption occurs during normal engine operation, more oil is consumed when the engine is new as the internal parts generate higher friction while wearing-in each other. From the time the engine is new until the first service is performed, the oil consumption could be higher than normal. For this reason, it is especially important to check the oil every time you refuel you car during this period.
Checking the oil level
The oil level should be checked every time the car is refueled. This is
especially important during the period up to the first service.
CAUTION:
Not checking the oil level regularly can result in serious engine
damage if the oil level becomes too low.
Park the car on a level surface and wait for at least 5 minutes after the
engine has been switched off. Be sure the oil level is maintained between
the upper and lower marks on the dipstick. Low oil level can damage the
engine. Overfilling can result in high oil consumption and damage the
emissions system. The distance between the dipstick marks represents
approx. 1.6 US qt (1.5 liter). The oil should preferably be checked when
cold, before the engine has been started.
NOTE: The engine must be stopped when checking the oil.
Do not fill to the max when the engine is hot
WARNING!
Do not allow oil to spill onto or come into
contact with hot exhaust pipe surfaces.
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Adding oil
Add oil of the same kind as already used.
Capacity (including oil filter): 6.1 US qts. (5.8 liters)
Capacity (including oil filter and oil cooler): 7.1 US qts. (6.7 liters)
The oil filter should be replaced at every oil change.
R-models
R-models are equipped with an oil level warning system. If the
engine oil level becomes too low, the warning light in the instrument panel
will come on and a warning will be displayed in the text window.
If the yellow warning light in the instrument panel comes on and
the text OIL LEVEL LOW/FILL OIL is displayed, stop safely as soon
as possible and add 1 qt (1 liter) of oil. Check the oil level with
the dipstick before restarting the engine.
If the red warning light in the instrument panel comes on and the
text OIL LEVEL LOW/STOP SAFELY-->STOP
ENGINE-->SEE MANUAL is displayed, stop safely as soon as possible and add oil
(not more than 1.6 qts (1.5 liters). Check the oil level with the
dipstick before restarting the engine. If no oil level is visible on the dipstick,
do not start the engine. Have the car towed to an authorized
Volvo workshop.
pg. 139 Power steering/Brake fluid reservoirs
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Power steering fluid
The fluid level should always be between the MIN and MAX marks.
Fluid type: ATF
Replace: No fluid change required
NOTE: If a problem should occur in the power steering system or if
the car has no electrical current and must be towed, it is still possible
to steer the car. However, keep in mind that greater effort will be
required to turn the steering wheel.
Brake fluid
The brake fluid should always be above the MIN mark on the side of the
reservoir. Check, without removing the cap, that there is sufficient fluid
in the reservoir.
Fluid type: DOT 4+ boiling point >536°F(280°C), P/N 9437433
Replace: Every second year or 30,000 miles (48,000 km). The
fluid should be replaced once a year or every 15,000
miles (24,000 km) when driving under extremely hard
conditions (mountain driving, etc.)
Always entrust brake fluid changing to an authorized Volvo retailer.
pg. 140 Battery maintenance
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Battery maintenance
The battery in your car is located under the
floor of the cargo area.
Driving habits and conditions, climate, the
number of starts, etc. all affect the service life
and function of the battery. In order for your
battery to perform satisfactorily, keep the
following in mind:
Check the fluid level in each cell in the
battery every 24 months or every 15,000*
miles (24,000 km), whichever is sooner. The fluid should be at
the level shown in the illustration above
(A**).
Use a screwdriver to open the caps and a
flashlight to inspect the level.
If necessary, add distilled water. The level
should never be above the indicator (A).
The fluid level should be checked if the
battery has been recharged.
After inspection, be sure the cap over each
battery cell is securely in place.
Check that the battery cables are correctly
connected and properly tightened.
Never disconnect the battery when the
engine is running, for example when
changing the battery.
The battery should be disconnected from
the vehicle when a battery charger is used
directly on the battery.
However, if the battery is being charged
via the connecting points in the engine
compartment (see page 104), the battery
must be connected.
PROPOSITION 65 WARNING!
Battery posts, terminals, and related accessories
contain lead and lead compounds,
chemicals known to the state of California to
cause cancer and reproductive harm. Wash
hands after handling.
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* More frequently in warm climates.
** The level indicator inside the battery could
be designed in various ways. See illustration
above!
pg. 141 Battery maintenance
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Replacing the battery
Switch off the ignition.
Unscrew the cover over the battery. Wait at least 10 minutes after
switching off the ignition before disconnecting the battery so that all
information in the car's electrical system can be stored in the control
modules.
Disconnect the negative (ground) cable first.
Disconnect the positive cable and pull the ventilation hose* from the
battery.
Lift out the old battery and put a new battery into place.
Connect the positive cable first.
Connect the negative (ground) cable.
Be sure that the ventilation hose* is securely connected to the battery
and that the other end of the hose is properly routed through the
ventilation opening in the floor of the battery compartment.
Reinstall the cover and screw it securely in place.
WARNING!
Never expose the battery to open flame or
electric spark.
Do not smoke near the battery.
Battery fluid contains sulfuric acid. Do
not allow battery fluid to contact eyes,
skin, fabrics or painted surfaces. If contact
occurs, flush the affected area immediately
with water. Obtain medical help
immediately if eyes are affected.
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NOTE: After the battery has been disconnected or replaced, lock
and unlock the car with the central locking system's remote control
to reactivate such features as the power windows, moonroof,
courtesy lighting, etc.
WARNING!
* Ventilation hose: The battery generates hydrogen gas, which is
flammable and explosive. The battery is fitted with a ventilation
hose which vents hydrogen gas out of the battery compartment
through a ventilation opening in the bottom of this
compartment. If the battery must be replaced, it is essential that
the ventilation hose is properly connected to the battery and
that it is routed through the ventilation opening provided (see
illustration).
Be sure the ventilation hose is free of debris.
Only use replacement batteries equipped with a ventilation
hose. Consult your Volvo retailer.
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pg. 142 Replacing wiper blades
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Windshield wiper blades
Lift the wiper arm off the windshield and hold
the blade at a 45° angle to the arm. Press the
end of the plastic clip located on the arm.
Slide the wiper blade along the arm to release
it from the hook. The entire hooked part of the
wiper arm must pass through the opening in
the wiper blade.
Pull the old blade free of the wiper arm. Install
the new blade (installation is the reverse of
removal) and make sure that it is properly
attached to the wiper arm.
NOTE: For reasons of safety, you should
change the windshield wiper blades as soon as
they start to leave marks on the windshield or
fail to wipe efficiently and cleanly.
To obtain maximum lifetime from a set of
wiper blades, clean them with a stiff-bristle
brush and warm, soapy water as part of a
normal car wash.
Replacement of tailgate wiper
blade
Pull the wiper arm out away from the glass.
Pull off the wiper blade outwards toward the
tailgate. Press the new wiper blade into place.
Check that it is properly secured.
Headlight wiper blades
(certain models)
Pull the wiper blade in the direction indicated
by the arrow in the illustration to remove it.
Press the new wiper blade into place. The long
section of the blade should point toward the
grille. Check that the new blade is properly
attached to the wiper arm.
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